Paths towards a healthier BMI among short and adequate sleepers: A pathway network analysis considering movement behaviors in low-income preschoolers.

INTRODUCTION: Short sleep duration has been seen as a predictor of higher body mass index (BMI) in youth. Sleep duration varies substantially along early childhood, and the paths towards a healthier BMI, considering the other movement behaviors (physical activity-PA and screen time) are unexplored in preschoolers. AIM: To construct a sleep-BMI model to capture the direct and indirect paths to intervening towards a healthier BMI, according to low-income preschoolers' compliance with the other movement behaviors. METHODS: Two hundred and seventy two preschoolers (4.5 ± 0.0; 138 boys) participated in the study. Sleep and screen time (ST) were assessed in a face-to-face interview with primary caregivers. PA was assessed using accelerometer (wGT3X-BT). Preschoolers were categorized as compliant or not with sleep, screen time, total and moderate to vigorous PA recommendations. BMIz-score was calculated according to preschoolers' sex and age. All the assessed variables, besides sex and age were included in a Network Pathway Analysis (NPA) according to age as nodes. RESULTS: At 3 years old, a direct and negative path between sleep-BMIz score was observed. At four and 5 years old, this relationship became positive. Further, girls were more compliant with sleep, ST and total PA recommendations. Total PA (TPA) showed the highest expected influence value in the general, 3 and 4 years old NPA. CONCLUSION: The NPA analysis showed different directions for the relationship between sleep and BMIz score, according to age. Intervention strategies to a healthier BMI among preschoolers compliant or not with sleep recommendations should focus in increasing TPA.

Effectiveness of a structured exercise intervention in gestational weight gain in pregnant women with overweight and obesity: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of exercise interventions during pregnancy in managing gestational weight gain (GWG), excessive GWG, gestational diabetes (GD), hypertensive disorders, 2-h post-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and birth weight in pregnant women with overweight/obesity (OW/OB). METHODS: The search strategy was conducted in five electronic databases, restricting to articles published within the past 10 years. Randomized controlled trials comparing exercise intervention with usual prenatal care in pregnant women with OW/OB were considered. Two reviewers extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials and the quality of studies using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation classification. Continuous data were calculated as mean differences (MDs) and dichotomous data as risk ratios (RRs). RESULTS: Seven trials comprising 1648 pregnant women were included. Exercise interventions were associated with lower GWG (MD, -1.19 kg [95% confidence interval, CI, -1.79 to -0.60]) and lower incidence of GD (RR, 0.56 [95% CI, 0.40-0.78]). When analyzing excessive GWG, 2-h post-OGTT, birth weight, and hypertensive disorders, there was no statistically significant difference between the exercise and usual care groups. The strength of evidence was considered moderate. CONCLUSION: Exercise interventions during pregnancy in women with OW/OB were shown to influence GWG and the incidence of GD.

Does parents' perception of the environment associates with outdoor physical activity duration in low-income preschoolers?

Parents' perception of the environment may influence the time spent in outdoor physical activities in pre-school children. This study aimed to analyze the association between parents' perception of the environment and outdoor physical activities outside the school in low-income preschoolers. In total, 129 preschoolers aged 3 to 5 years (4.4 years ± 0.7 years, 50% boys) and their parents participated in the study. An adapted version of the Neighborhood Environmental Walkability Scale was used to obtain parents' environmental perceptions. Outdoor physical activities was measured based on two questions considering the usual time spent in these activities during week and weekend days. Information on sociodemographic was collected by interview. Logistic regression was used to analyze the associations. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS, version 21.0. Most preschoolers (76.9%) had ≤ 2 hours/day in outdoor physical activities during the week while at the weekend, 65.9% reached > 2 hours. Parents' perception of unsafe traffic (OR = 0.39; p = 0.03) was associated with higher chances for a shorter time in outdoor physical activities both during the week and at the weekend (OR = 0.46; p = 0.04). Moreover, preschoolers' whose parents perceive a lack of places to walk (OR = 0.33; p = 0.02) and unsafe night time (OR = 0.36; p = 0.04) are more likely to spend less time in outdoor physical activities during the week. After adjustments for sociodemographic confounders, the perception of unsafe traffic (OR = 0.26; p = 0.01) and places to walk (OR = 0.15; p = 0.01) were predictors of preschooler's shorter time in outdoor physical activities during the week. Parents' perception of unsafe traffic and places to walk were associated with less time in outdoor physical activities in low-income preschoolers.

Does parents' perception of the environment associates with outdoor physical activity duration in low-income preschoolers? / A percepção dos pais sobre o ambiente se associa à duração da atividade física ao ar livre em pré-escolares de baixa renda? / ¿La percepción de los padres sobre el entorno se asocia con la duración de la actividad física al aire libre en preescolares de bajos ingresos?

Parents' perception of the environment may influence the time spent in outdoor physical activities in pre-school children. This study aimed to analyze the association between parents' perception of the environment and outdoor physical activities outside the school in low-income preschoolers. In total, 129 preschoolers aged 3 to 5 years (4.4 years ± 0.7 years, 50% boys) and their parents participated in the study. An adapted version of the Neighborhood Environmental Walkability Scale was used to obtain parents' environmental perceptions. Outdoor physical activities was measured based on two questions considering the usual time spent in these activities during week and weekend days. Information on sociodemographic was collected by interview. Logistic regression was used to analyze the associations. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS, version 21.0. Most preschoolers (76.9%) had ≤ 2 hours/day in outdoor physical activities during the week while at the weekend, 65.9% reached > 2 hours. Parents' perception of unsafe traffic (OR = 0.39; p = 0.03) was associated with higher chances for a shorter time in outdoor physical activities both during the week and at the weekend (OR = 0.46; p = 0.04). Moreover, preschoolers' whose parents perceive a lack of places to walk (OR = 0.33; p = 0.02) and unsafe night time (OR = 0.36; p = 0.04) are more likely to spend less time in outdoor physical activities during the week. After adjustments for sociodemographic confounders, the perception of unsafe traffic (OR = 0.26; p = 0.01) and places to walk (OR = 0.15; p = 0.01) were predictors of preschooler's shorter time in outdoor physical activities during the week. Parents' perception of unsafe traffic and places to walk were associated with less time in outdoor physical activities in low-income preschoolers.

A percepção dos pais sobre o ambiente pode influenciar o tempo gasto em atividades físicas ao ar livre em crianças pré-escolares. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a associação entre a percepção dos pais sobre o ambiente e atividades físicas ao ar livre fora da escola em pré-escolares de baixa renda. No total, 129 pré-escolares de 3 a 5 anos (4,4 anos ± 0,7 anos, 50% meninos) e seus pais participaram do estudo. Uma versão adaptada da Escala de Caminhabilidade Ambiental do Bairro foi usada para obter as percepções ambientais dos pais. A atividade física ao ar livre foi mensurada com base em duas questões considerando o tempo habitual despendido nessas atividades durante a semana e os dias de fim de semana. As informações sociodemográficas foram coletadas por meio de entrevista. Foi utilizada regressão logística para analisar as associações. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no SPSS, versão 21.0. A maioria dos pré-escolares (76,9%) teve ≤ 2 horas/dia em atividade física ao ar livre durante a semana enquanto no final de semana, 65,9% atingiu > 2 horas. A percepção dos pais sobre o trânsito inseguro (OR = 0,39; p = 0,03) foi associada a maiores chances de menor tempo de atividade física ao ar livre tanto durante a semana quanto no final de semana (OR = 0,46; p = 0,04). Além disso, pré-escolares cujos pais percebem falta de lugares para caminhar (OR = 0,33; p = 0,02) e período noturno inseguro (OR = 0,36; p = 0,04) são mais propensos a passar menos tempo em atividade física ao ar livre durante a semana. Após ajustes para fatores de confusão sociodemográficos, a percepção de trânsito inseguro (OR = 0,26; p = 0,01) e locais para caminhar (OR = 0,15; p = 0,01) foram preditores de menor tempo do pré-escolar em atividade física ao ar livre durante a semana. A percepção dos pais sobre o trânsito inseguro e os lugares para caminhar foram associados ao menor tempo de atividade física ao ar livre entre pré-escolares de baixa renda.

La percepción de los padres sobre el entorno puede influir en el tiempo dedicado a actividades físicas al aire libre en niños en edad preescolar. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la asociación entre la percepción de los padres sobre el ambiente y la actividade física al aire libre fuera de la escuela en preescolares de bajos recursos. En total, participaron en el estudio 129 preescolares de 3 a 5 años (4,4 años ± 0,7 años, 50% niños) y sus padres. Se utilizó una versión adaptada de la Escala de Caminabilidad Ambiental del Vecindario para obtener las percepciones ambientales de los padres. La actividade física al aire libre se midió a partir de dos preguntas considerando el tiempo habitual dedicado a estas actividades durante los días de semana y los fines de semana. La información sociodemográfica se recogió mediante entrevista. Se utilizó regresión logística para analizar las asociaciones. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron con SPSS, versión 21.0. La mayoría de los preescolares (76,9%) tenían ≤ 2 horas/día en actividade física al aire libre durante la semana mientras que el fin de semana, el 65,9% alcanzaba > 2 horas. La percepción de los padres sobre el tráfico inseguro (OR = 0,39; p = 0,03) se asoció con mayores posibilidades de pasar menos tiempo en actividade física al aire libre tanto entre semana como en fin de semana (OR = 0,46; p = 0,04). Además, los preescolares cuyos padres perciben la falta de lugares para caminar (OR = 0,33; p = 0,02) e inseguridad en la noche (OR = 0,36; p = 0,04) tienen más probabilidades de pasar menos tiempo en actividade física al aire libre durante la semana. Después de los ajustes por factores de confusión sociodemográficos, la percepción de tráfico inseguro (OR = 0,26; p = 0,01) y lugares para caminar (OR = 0,15; p = 0,01) fueron predictores de menor tiempo en actividade física al aire libre de los preescolares durante la semana. La percepción de los padres sobre el tráfico inseguro y los lugares para caminar se asoció con menos tiempo en actividades físicas al aire libre en preescolares de bajos ingresos.

A Network Perspective on the Relationship Between Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity and Fundamental Motor Skills in Early Childhood.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and fundamental motor skill (FMS) is inconsistent in early childhood, due to its complex and nonlinear characteristics. This study aimed to analyze the nonlinear relationships between MVPA, FMS, body mass index (BMI), sex, and age in preschoolers. METHODS: This cross-sectional study with preschoolers (n = 204; 4.0 [0.8] y old; 99 boys), provided objective physical activity data, FMS assessments, and BMI. The associations between MVPA, FMS, BMI, sex, and age were explored using the network analysis (RStudio and qgraph). RESULTS: Boys were more motor competent than girls in all FMS skills, while girls were more active than boys during the weekend. Older children were less active than their younger peers during these days. MVPA is weak and differently related to each FMS, and the leap skill emerged with the highest betweenness and strength values in the network. CONCLUSIONS: For the assessed preschoolers, when considering BMI, age, and sex, the relationships between MVPA and FMS are inconsistent, and leap emerged as the main variable. During early childhood, these variables are connected as part of a complex system in which each skill has a dynamic role within the emerging pattern.

Adherence to 24-hour movement guidelines in low-income Brazilian preschoolers and associations with demographic correlates.

BACKGROUND: The importance of movement behaviors for health is well known, although few studies have examined the adherence to movement guidelines in low-income preschoolers from a middle-income country, as Brazil. This study reports the proportion of preschoolers meeting the 24-hour movement guidelines and investigates its associations with demographic correlates in Brazilian low-income preschoolers. METHODS: Two hundred and seventy preschoolers (132 boys, means age = 3.97 ± 0.80) provided physical activity (PA) data (Actigraph wGT3X). Sleep duration, screen time, and social correlates were parent-reported. Preschoolers were classified as compliant/not compliant with the 24-hour movement guidelines. Relationships between compliance with movement behaviors guidelines and demographic correlates were calculated using a network analysis (Mplus 8.0; Rstudio). RESULTS: Preschoolers were active (273.52 ± 62.08 minutes/day of total PA), though moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) time was below the guideline (58.68 ± 22.51 minutes/day); spent more than the recommended 60 minutes/day on screen time (169.91 ± 97.07 minutes/day); and slept less than 10 hours per night (9.44 ± 1.12 hours/day). Only 3% of the sample complied with the guidelines. PA showed the highest compliance (43%), compared to sleep duration (35%) and screen time (15%). Male sex was related to adherence to MVPA recommendations, while female sex, with adherence to total PA recommendations. Child's primary caregiver was the most important centrality indicator in the network. CONCLUSION: Only 3% of the assessed preschoolers are compliant with the 24-hour movement behaviors guidelines. Strategies to promote adherence to movement behaviors among low-income preschoolers should consider child's primary caregivers to support movement behaviors.

24-hour movement behaviour and executive function in preschoolers: A compositional and isotemporal reallocation analysis.

Adherence to healthy behaviours promotes several health benefits in preschool children, including executive function (EF). Recently, the predictive power of the 24-hour movement behaviour (24 h MB) composition on health outcomes has been evidenced; however, its relationship with EF in preschoolers is unknown. Thus, the present study had two objectives: (1) to analyse the associations between the 24 h MB composition and EF of preschoolers; and (2) to investigate the theoretical changes in EF when time in different movement behaviours is reallocated. This cross-sectional study was carried out with 123 preschoolers (3-5 years old) of low socioeconomic status. Physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour were assessed using an accelerometer for 7 days, sleep time was obtained through interviews with parents, and EF was measured using the Early Tool Box battery. To verify the association between 24 h MB and EF, compositional data analysis was used, and for time reallocation, compositional isotemporal substitution analysis was utilized. It was observed that the 24 h MB composition was positively associated with EF (p < .0001; R² = 0.34), and that reallocating 5, 10, 15 or 20 min of the time spent on sleep and light PA to moderate-to-vigorous PA, respectively, was associated with significant improvements in EF (p < .05). These findings provide hitherto unseen insight into the relationship between 24 h MB and EF in preschool children, and warrants consideration for researchers and practitioners seeking to improve EF and PA in preschool children.

Associação dos hábitos alimentares e da aptidão cardiorrespiratória com o estado nutricional de escolares / Association of eating habits and cardiorespiratory fitness with the nutritional status of students

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se há associação independente e combinada dos hábitos alimentares e da aptidão cardiorrespiratória com o estado nutricional de escolares. Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, com 171 crianças (86 meninos e 85 meninas) com idade de seis a 12 anos, de uma escola pública de Porto Alegre-RS. Os hábitos alimentares foram avaliados com o Inquérito de Frequência Alimentar. A aptidão cardiorrespiratória foi avaliada pelo teste de corrida/caminhada de 6 minutos. O índice de massa corporal e aptidão cardiorrespiratória foram avaliados seguindo os protocolos propostos pelo PROESP-BR. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se estatística descritiva, modelos de regressão linear generalizada e anova de duas vias. Um maior consumo de frutas (β:-1,24; IC:-2,42 -0,06) e um menor consumo de doces (β:-1,56; IC:-2,797 -0,34) estão associados a um menor valor médio de IMC. Ainda, crianças com níveis adequados de APCR apresentaram valores inferiores de índice de massa corporal (β:- 3,11; IC:-3,93 -2,29). Quando avaliados de forma combinada, os hábitos alimentares e aptidão cardiorrespiratória exerceram maior influência sobre os valores de índice de massa corporal. Portanto, hábitos alimentares adequados e níveis satisfatórios de APCR estão associados a um adequado estado nutricional.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to verify whether there is an independent and combined association of eating habits and cardiorespiratory fitness with the nutritional status of schoolchildren. This is a cross-sectional study with 171 children (86 boys and 85 girls) aged six to 12 years, from a public school in Porto Alegre - RS. Eating habits were assessed using the Food Frequency Survey. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by the 6-minute running / walking test. The body mass index and cardiorespiratory fitness were evaluated following the protocols proposed by PROESP-BR. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, generalized linear regression models and two-way anova were used. Higher consumption of fruits (β: -1.24; CI: -2.42 -0.06) and lower consumption of sweets (β: -1.56; CI: -2.797 -0.34) are associated with lower mean BMI value. Still, children with adequate levels of APCR had lower values ​​of body mass index (β: - 3.11; CI: -3.93 -2.29). When evaluated in a combined manner, eating habits and cardiorespiratory fitness had a greater influence on body mass index values. Therefore, adequate eating habits and satisfactory levels of CRP are associated with an adequate nutritional status.

Population specificity affects prediction of appendicular lean tissues for diagnosed sarcopenia: a cross-sectional study / La especificidad de la población impacta en la predicción de los tejidos magros apendiculares para la sarcopenia diagnosticada: un estudio transversal

INTRODUCTION: sarcopenia is a disease characterized by reduced musculoskeletal tissue and muscle strength. The estimation of appendicular lean soft tissue by DXA (ALSTDXA) is one of the criteria for the diagnosis of sarcopenia. However, this method is expensive and not readily avaiable in clinical practice. Anthropometric equations are low-cost and able to accurate predict ALST, but such equations have not been validated for male Brazilian older adults between the ages of 60 to 79 years. To this end, this study sought to validate the existing predictive anthropometric equations for ALST, and to verify its accuracy for the diagnosis of sarcopenia in male Brazilian older adults. METHODS: this cross-sectional study recruited and enrolled 25 male older adults (69.3 ± 5.60 years). ALSTDXA and anthropometric measures were determined. ALST estimations with 13 equations were compared to ALSTDXA. The validity of the equations was established when: p > 0.05 (paired t-test); standard error of the estimate (SEE) < 3.5 kg; and coefficient of determination r² > 0.70. RESULTS: two Indian equations met the criteria (Kulkarini 1: 22.19 ± 3.41 kg; p = 0.134; r² = 0.78; EPE = 1.3 kg. Kulkarini 3: 22.14 ± 3.52 kg; p = 0.135; r² = 0.82; SEE = 1.2 kg). However, these equations presented an average bias (Bland-Altman: 0.54 and 0.48 kg) and 'false negative' classification for the ALST index. Thus, three explanatory equations were developed. The most accurate equation demonstrated a high level of agreement (r2 adj = 0.87) and validity (r²PRESS = 0.83), a low predictive error (SEEPRESS = 1.53 kg), and an adequate ALST classification. CONCLUSION: anthropometric models for predicting ALST are valid alternatives for the diagnosis and monitoring of sarcopenia in older adults; however, population specificity affects predictive validity, with risks of false positive/negative misclassification

INTRODUCCIÓN: la sarcopenia es una enfermedad caracterizada por una reducción del tejido musculoesquelético y la fuerza muscular. Uno de los criterios utilizados para su diagnóstico es la determinación de tejido blando magro apendicular por DXA (TBMADXA), método costoso que no siempre está disponible en la práctica clínica. Las ecuaciones antropométricas suponen un bajo coste y predicen bien el TBMA, pero con una validez desconocida para los varones brasileños de 60 a 79 años. Por lo tanto, nuestro objetivo fue validar las ecuaciones antropométricas existentes predictivas del TBMA y verificar su precisión para el diagnóstico de sarcopenia en varones brasileños de edad avanzada. MÉTODOS: participaron en este estudio transversal 25 hombres de edad avanzada (69,3 ± 5,60 años). Se determinaron el TBMADXA y las medidas antropométricas. Las ecuaciones predictivas del TBMA se compararon con el TBMADXA. La validez de las ecuaciones en las comparaciones se confirmó cuando: p > 0,05 (prueba de la "t" pareada); error estándar estimado (EEE) < 3,5 kg; coeficiente de determinación r² > 0,70. RESULTADOS: dos ecuaciones indias cumplieron los criterios (Kulkarini 1: 22,19 ± 3,41 kg; p = 0,134; r² = 0,78; EEE = 1,3 kg. Kulkarini 3: 22,14 ± 3,52 kg; p = 0,135; r² = 0,82; EEE = 1,2 kg). Sin embargo, presentaron sesgo promedio (Bland-Altman: 0,54 y 0,48 kg) y clasificación de 'falso negativo' para el índice de TBMA. Por lo tanto, se crearon tres ecuaciones explicativas. La ecuación más precisa mostró un alto acuerdo (r2 adj = 0,87), uma alta validez (r²PRESS = 0,83), um bajo error predictivo (EEEPRESS = 1,53 kg) y uma clasificación del TBMA adecuada. CONCLUSIÓN: los modelos antropométricos para predecir el TBMA son alternativas válidas para el diagnóstico y el seguimiento de la sarcopenia en los ancianos. Pero la especificidad de la población afecta a su validez predictiva, con riesgos de incorrección por clasificación falsa positiva/negativa

Twenty-four-hour movement behaviours and fundamental movement skills in preschool children: A compositional and isotemporal substitution analysis.

Studies that have analysed the association between the different movement behaviours and fundamental movement skills (FMS) have considered it in an independent manner, disregarding the compositional nature of 24-h movement behaviours (24-h MB). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the 24-h MB and FMS in preschoolers using a compositional data analysis . Two hundred and four preschoolers (4.5 ± 0.8 years old; 101 boys) provided objectively assessed physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) data (Actigraph wGT3X), and FMS (TGMD-2). Sleep duration (SD) was reported by parents. Association of daily composition of movement behaviours with FMS was explored using compositional analysis and isotemporal substitution (R Core Team, 3.6.1). When considered as a 24-h MB composition (PA, SB and SD), adjusted for age, BMI and sex, the composition predicted locomotor (r2 = 0.31), object control (r2 = 0.19), and total motor score (r2 = 0.35), respectively (all P < 0.001). Reallocation of time from light to moderate-to-vigorous PA was associated with greatest positive changes in total motor score. Achieving adequate balance between movement behaviours over the 24-h period, and its relationship with locomotor and object control skills should be considered and further investigated in early childhood.

Longitudinal associations between motor competence and different physical activity intensities: LabMed physical activity study.

An appropriated level of motor competence is essential for children´s healthy growth and development and a key factor in the promotion of lifelong active lifestyles and health. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between motor competence and different physical activity intensities (light, moderate, moderate-to-vigorous and vigorous physical activity), as well as total physical activity, over a two-year period, in adolescents. The sample comprised of 103 adolescents (13.49 ± 0.87 years, 53 girls), from the north of Portugal. Motor competence was evaluated with the body coordination test, Körperkoordination-Test-für-Kinder. Physical activity was objectively assessed with GT1M accelerometers (ActiGraph, Pensacola, FL, USA). Physical activity variables were expressed as proportions of accelerometer wear time. Regression analyses showed positive longitudinal associations between motor competence at baseline and moderate physical activity (B = 0.0033, p = 0.018), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (B = 0.0052, p = 0.024) and total physical activity (B = 0.067, p = 0.040) at follow up, after adjustments for age, sex, the corresponding physical activity intensity at baseline, body mass index, pubertal stage and socioeconomic status. Our findings highlight the importance of motor competence development to promote moderate-to-vigorous physical activity during adolescence.

Comportamento sedentário em adolescentes: prevalência e fatores associados / Sedentary behavior in adolescents: prevalence and associated factors

Este estudo objetivou determinar a prevalência do comportamento sedentário (CS) e analisar os fatores sociodemográfi cos, comportamentais, de hábitos alimentares e de saúde associados em adolescentes. Este é um estudo transversal de base populacional escolar com participação de 1.009 adolescentes (55,0% do sexo feminino) de 14 a 19 anos das escolas públicas e privadas do município de Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brasil. O CS foi estimado pelo tempo sedentário de tela (assistir TV + jogar videogame + uso de computador) ≥ 2 h/dia. Empregou-se a regressão logística hierárquica para analisar os fatores sociodemográfi cos (sexo, idade, situação de estágio/trabalho, renda familiar, turno e série de estudo), comportamentais e de hábitos alimentares (atividade física no lazer, participação nas aulas de Educação Física, consumo de frutas, frituras e refrigerantes) e de saúde (IMC, autopercepção do sono e da saúde) associados ao CS. A prevalência do CS foi de 81,6% (IC95%: 78,8 - 84,4) sendo maior entre o sexo masculino (84,9%; IC95%: 82,6 - 87,2) do que no feminino (78,6%; IC95%: 75,9 - 81,3, p = 0,018). Na análise ajustada, apresentaram maiores chances de CS: o sexo masculino (OR = 1,78; IC95%: 1,23 - 2,56), aqueles do 1º ano (OR = 1,89; IC95%: 1,22 -2,94) e 2º ano de estudo (OR = 1,97; IC95%: 1,22 -3,17), não ter vínculo de estágio/trabalho (OR = 2,23; IC95%: 1,54 -3,23) e menor consumo de frutas (OR = 1,43; IC95%: 1,01 - 2,14). A prevalência do CS foi alta e o sexo, a série de estudo, a situação de estágio/trabalho e o hábito alimentar foram fatores associados. Os adolescentes aqui identificados com maiores chances de apresentarem CS representam potenciais grupos para intervenções que objetivem a redução do entretenimento sedentário baseado em tela, seja em casa, na escola e no ambiente de estágio/trabalho....(AU)

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of sedentary behavior (SB) and to analyze the sociodemographic, behavioral, eating habits and health associated factors in adolescents. This is a cross-sectional population-based study involving 1,009 adolescents (55.0% females) aged 14 to 19 from public and private schools in Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil. SB was estimated by sedentary screen time (watch TV + play videogame + computer use) ≥ 2 h/day. The hierarchical logistic regression was used to analyze sociodemographic factors (sex, age, internship/work status, family income, shifts and study series), behavioral and eating habits (physical activity in leisure, participation in Physical Education classes, consumption of fruits, fried foods and soft drinks) and health (BMI, self-perception of sleep and health) associated with SB. The prevalence of SB was 81.6% (95%CI: 78.8 - 84.4), higher among males (84.9%; 95%CI: 82.6 - 87.2) than females (78.6%, 95% CI: 75.9-81.3, p = 0.018). Adjusted regression analyses showed SB higher to male (OR = 1.78, 95%CI: 1.23 - 2.56), in the 1st class (OR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.22 - (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.22 -3.17), not have internship/work (OR = 2.23, 95%CI: 1.54 -3.23) and lower fruit intake (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.01 - 2.14). The prevalence of SB was high. The sex, study series, internship/ work status and eating habits were associated factors. The adolescents here identifi ed as being more likely to SB represent potential groups for interventions that aim to reduce screen-based sedentary entertainment, whether at home, at school or in the work / internship environment....(AU)

Physical activity, sedentary time and bone tissue: effects of an 8-months interdisciplinary program with overweight/obese children / Atividade física, tempo sedentário e tecido ósseo: efeitos de um programa interdisciplinar de oito meses com crianças com sobrepeso/obesidade

Moderate to vigorous physical activity plays a recognized osteogenic effect on bone. Moreover, sedentary time, and fat accumulation are unfavorable to bone health. Our study aimed (1) to examine changes in body composition, bone tissue, physical activity, and sedentary time; and (2) to explore whether changes in physical activity intensities and in sedentary time are associated with changes in bone outcomes after a school-based interdisciplinary intervention program. A total of 53 over-weight/obese students (10.6 ± 3.5 year-olds; 26 girls) participated in physical activity classes. Bone area, bone mass, and bone mineral density z-score, body composition (fat mass, fat lean mass), phys-ical activity, sedentary time and potential confounders (vitamin D and maturational status) were assessed at baseline, and 8 months later. General Linear Models were carried out and significance level was set at 5%. Changes in moderate to vigorous physical activity were positively correlated with changes in all bone mass indicators. We observed a significant overall effect of the intervention on bone mineral density z-score changes, however after adjustments for changes in sedentary time and moderate to vigorous physical activity, no effect was observed. Finally, variations in sedentary time and in moderate to vigorous physical activity play an important role in bone mass density in those participants of the interdisciplinary program

A atividade física moderada-vigorosa tem efeito osteogênico reconhecido no osso. Além disso, o tempo sedentário e o acúmulo de gordura são desfavoráveis à saúde óssea. Este estudo objetivou: (1) examinar mudanças na composição corporal, tecido ósseo, atividade física e tempo sedentário; e (2) explorar se as mudanças nas intensidades de atividade física e no tempo sedentário estão associadas a mudanças nos resultados ósseos após um programa de intervenção interdisciplinar de base escolar. 53 estudantes com sobrepeso/obesidade (10,6 ± 3,5 anos; 26 meninas) participaram de aulas com atividade física. Área óssea, massa óssea e escore z de densidade mineral óssea, composição corporal (massa gorda, massa magra de gordura), atividade física, tempo sedentário e potenciais confundidores (vitamina D e status maturacional) foram avaliados no início e após 8 meses. Modelos Lineares Generalizados foram realizados e o nível de significância foi estabelecido em 5%. Alterações na atividade física moderada-vigorosa foram positivamente correlacionadas com as mu-danças em todos os indicadores de massa óssea. Observou-se um efeito geral significativo da intervenção nas alterações do escore z de densidade mineral óssea, entretanto, após ajustes para mudanças no tempo sedentário e atividade física moderada-vigorosa, nenhum efeito foi observado. Por fim, variações no tempo sedentário e na atividade física moderada a vigorosa desempenham importante papel na densidade da massa óssea nos participantes do programa interdisciplinar

Effect of a pilot multi-component intervention on motor performance and metabolic risks in overweight/obese youth.

This study evaluated the effect of a multi-component intervention on motor performance (MP) and metabolic risk markers (MRM) in overweight/obese youth. A secondary aim was to examine whether changes in MP are associated to changes in MRM. A 3-month multi-component intervention was performed, consisting of physical exercise sessions (twice/week;1h), nutritional education sessions (once/month), and parental support (twice/week). The sample included 35 volunteers (7-13 y.o), allocated to intervention (INT, n = 17) and control (CONT, n = 18) group. Variables were measured pre (T0) and post intervention (T1). Fasting blood samples were analyzed for MRM. MP tests included the measurement of health related physical fitness components and motor coordination performance (KTK battery). To assess food intake, a 24-hour recall diary was used. GLM-ANCOVA was performed. Standardized scores were calculated for the outcome variables, and multilinear regressions were applied to analyze associations between the key variables. INT group showed improvements in MP, glycolytic and hepatic profiles. After adjustments for MVPA, SB, total intake and maturational stage, negative associations between %ΔMP and %Δglycolytic (ß = -.424; 95%CI:-0.343:-0.022), and %Δhepatic scores (ß = -.382 95%CI:-0.001:-0.009) were observed. The intervention produced a moderate-to-high effect on the MP and some MRM. Changes in MP were inversely associated with changes in glycolytic and hepatic markers.

C-reactive protein, physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in Portuguese adolescents: a cross-sectional study.

The goal of this study was to investigate the association of physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness with C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration in adolescents. The sample included 386 Portuguese adolescents (n = 207, female), age 12-18 years, assessed in the year 2012. The PA was assessed with the use of accelerometers, and the cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by the Fitnessgram Pacer test. Blood samples were collected after a 10-hour fasting, and high-sensitivity PCR concentration was further assessed. Significant associations between CRP and cardiorespiratory fitness were found for females (r = -0.313; p < 0.001) and males (r = -0.163; p < 0.05); however, when adjusted by the BMI, the associations remained significant only for females (r = -0.215; p < 0.001). Regarding the association between CRP and PA, no significant associations were found for both genders. Therefore, CRP is apparently negatively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness, with differences between males and females; for females it seems less dependent than BMI.

Proteína C-reativa, atividade física e aptidão cardiorrespiratória em adolescentes portugueses: um estudo transversal / Proteína C-reactiva, actividad física y la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria en adolescentes portugueses: un estudio transversal / C-reactive protein, physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in Portuguese adolescents: a cross-sectional study

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação da atividade física (AF) e aptidão cardiorrespiratória com os níveis de concentração proteína C-reativa (PCR) em adolescentes. Fizeram parte da amostra 386 adolescentes Portugueses (n = 207, feminino), de 12-18 anos avaliados no ano de 2012. AF foi avaliada com acelerômetros e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória pelo teste de Vai- e-vem da bateria de testes fitnessgram. Amostras sanguíneas foram obtidas após jejum de 10 horas e posteriormente avaliaram-se os níveis de concentração de PCR por alta sensibilidade. Foram encontradas associações significativas entre a PCR e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória no gênero feminino (r = -0,313; p < 0.001) e masculino (r = -0,163; p < 0,05), porém quando ajustadas pelo IMC essas associações permaneceram significativas apenas no gênero feminino (r = -0,215; p < 0,001). Para associações entre PCR e AF não se encontraram associações estatisticamente significativas em ambos os gêneros. Assim a PCR aparentemente se associa de forma negativa com a aptidão cardiorrespiratória, mas de forma diferenciada em função do gênero, sendo que no feminino parece menos dependente do IMC.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la asociación entre la actividad física (AF) y la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria con niveles de concentración de proteína C-reactiva (PCR) en adolescentes. La muestra estuvo conformada por 386 adolescentes portugueses (n = 207, femenino), de 12-18 años, evaluados en el año 2012. La AF se evaluó mediante acelerómetros y la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria se evaluó por el test de Leger de 20 metros. Las muestras de sangre se obtuvieron después de 10 horas de ayuno, y luego se evaluaron los niveles de concentración de PCR de alta sensibilidad. Se encontraron asociaciones significativas entre la PCR y aptitud cardiorrespiratoria en el género femenino (r = -0,313; p < 0,001) y masculino (r = -0,163; p < 0,05), pero cuando se ajustan por el IMC estas asociaciones se mantuvieron sólo significativas en el género femenino (r = -0,215; p < 0,001). Para las asociaciones entre la PCR y la AF no mostraron una asociación estadísticamente significativa en ambos géneros. Así, aparentemente la PCR se asoció negativamente con la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria, pero de manera diferente según el género, siendo que en el femenino parece ser menos dependiente del IMC.

The goal of this study was to investigate the association of physical activity (PA) and cardiorespiratory fitness with C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration in adolescents. The sample included 386 Portuguese adolescents (n = 207, female), age 12-18 years, assessed in the year 2012. The PA was assessed with the use of accelerometers, and the cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by the Fitnessgram Pacer test. Blood samples were collected after a 10-hour fasting, and high-sensitivity PCR concentration was further assessed. Significant associations between CRP and cardiorespiratory fitness were found for females (r = -0.313; p < 0.001) and males (r = -0.163; p < 0.05); however, when adjusted by the BMI, the associations remained significant only for females (r = -0.215; p < 0.001). Regarding the association between CRP and PA, no significant associations were found for both genders. Therefore, CRP is apparently negatively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness, with differences between males and females; for females it seems less dependent than BMI.

Objectively measured physical activity and body mass index in preschool children.

Aim. To examine the association between objectively measured physical activity (PA) and body mass index (BMI) in preschool children. Methods. The study comprised 281 children (55.9% boys) aged from 4 to 6 years. PA was measured by accelerometer. Children were categorized as non-overweight (NOW) and overweight/obese (OW) according to the sex-adjusted BMI z-score (<1 and >/=1, resp.). Results. Total and moderate intensity PA were not associated with BMI. We observed that a higher proportion of OW children were classified as low-vigorous PA compared to their NOW peers (43.9 versus 32.1%, resp., P > .05). Logistic regression analysis showed that children with low-vigorous PA had higher odds ratio (OR) to be classified as OW compared to those with high-vigorous PA (OR = 4.4; 95% CI: 1.4-13.4; P = .008) after adjusting for BMI at first and second years of life and other potential confounders. Conclusion. The data suggests that vigorous PA may play a key role in the obesity development already at pre-school age.

Composição corporal, tensão arterial e consumo máximo de oxigênio em crianças em idade escolar / Body composition, blood pressure and maximal oxygen uptake in school children

O trabalho apresenta os dados de um estudo transversal, incluído num projeto de investigação longitudinal observando os fatores de risco cardiovasculares nas crianças com idades compreendidas entre os 8-15 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos na área do Grande Porto (Portugal). Os resultados aqui apresentados são preliminares, fruto de uma investigação inicial em relação à composição corporal, tensão arterial e consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx.) ao longo das idades e considerando o gênero. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi o de determinar o relacionamento entre a tensão arterial, os parâmetros da estimação da composição corporal (MM = massa magra, MG = massa gorda, percentagemG = percentagem de gordura) e o VO2máx. numa população pediátrica. A amostra compreendeu 529 crianças (246 rapazes e 283 moças) selecionadas aleatoriamente através de escolas da área do Grande Porto (n = 30). A altura e o peso foram determinados por métodos de antropometria "standard" (1). A composição corporal foi estimada por antropometria de acordo com Slaughter et al. (2) e Lukaski et al. (3). A tensão arterial foi determinada usando o Dinamap Monitor (BP 8800), de acordo com as linhas gerais para a avaliação da tensão arterial em crianças (4). O VO2máx. foi obtido de acordo com Léger e Lambert (5). As tensões arteriais sistólica e diastólica aumentaram dos 8-15 anos de idade em ambos os sexos. As correlações entre os parâmetros de composição corporal e tensões arteriais foram geralmente significativas. Correlações significativas entre o VO2máx. e os parâmetros de composição corporal foram também observadas, assim como entre o VO2máx. e as tensões arteriais

A postura como fator de observaçäo na escola / The posture as factor of observation on school

A avaliaçäo da altitude postural dos alunos pode ser uma açäo importante no sentido da objectivaçäo das medidas preventivas que possibilitem o controle dos desvios posturais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de descrever, numa populaçäo escolar da regiäo do grande Porto, algumas insuficiências da atitude postural e da capacidade funcional de alguns músculos, na coluna e pés. Foram observados 102 alunos com idades compreendidas entre os 11 e os 16 anos. Foi executado o "Bending Test" para a detecçäo das escolioses, o "Arm Vorhalte Test" foi utilizado para a avaliaçäo funcional da postura enquanto que a forma do pé foi apreciada pela impressäo plantar. Os resultados indicam que 25,9% dos indivíduos do sexo masculino e 37,5% do sexo feminino apresentam desvios no plano axial. O "arm vorhalte test" teve desempenho negativo em 29,9% das raparigas e 14,8% dos rapazes. Relativamente à forma do pé constatou-se que 18,5% dos rapazes e 22,9% das raparigas apresentam alteraçöes à forma habitual do pé